Co-constructing meanings in organizational development
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Apr 6, 2017
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Abstract
The paper adopts a social constructionist perspective to explore how organization is emerging through meanings constructed. In this context organization becomes meaningful as a result of the interaction between its members. A significant metaphor dealing how sense is made in organization is sensemaking. Starting with a brief literature review on this remarkable metaphor the purpose of paper is to emphasize the potential influence of sensemaking in organizational development, specifically on changing process, decision making, and emotions. Sensemaking pays attention to conversations' context, and introduces fresh ideas for meaning making associated with the experience of interacting with others. A key element in this ongoing process is language used in organization allowing the accomplishment of other new interpretations and possibilities to discover effective practices for organizational development. Finally, the paper suggests some further directions emphasizing the reflection of self relational in constructing meanings as a predictable way for organizational knowledge, learning and change.
Keywords: co-constructing; emergence; ongoing process; sensemaking; social constructionism
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References
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Andrus, C. (2010). Using appreciative inquiry to build organizational capacity to learn, risk and grow. Appreciative therapies. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 63-76.
Balogun, J. & Johnson, G. (2004). Organizational restructuring and middle manager sensemaking, Academy of Management Journal, 47, 523-549.
Barge, J. K., & Fairhurst, G. T. (2008). Living leadership: A systemic constructionist approach, Leadership, 4(3), 227-251.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Bingham, C. B., & Kahl, S. J. (2013). The process of schema emergence: Assimilation, deconstruction, unitization and the plurality of analogies. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 14–34.
Bolander, P., & Sandberg, J. (2013). How employee selection decisions are made in practice. Organization Studies, 34, 285-311.
Brown, A. D. Colville, I. & Pye, A. (2015). Making sense of sensemaking in organization studies, Organization Studies, 36(2), 265-277.
Brown, M. H. (1990). Defining stories in organizations: Characteristics and function. In S. Deetz (ed.), Communication Yearbook, 13, 162-190.. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Burr, V. (2003). Social constructionism (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Bushe, G. R. (2010). Comparative case study of appreciative inquires in one organization: implications for practice, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 29, 7-24.
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak R. J. (2009). Revisioning organization development: Diagnostic and dialogic premises and patterns of practice, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45(3) 348-368: Sage Publications.
Catino, M., & Patriotta, G. (2013). Learning from errors: Cognition, emotions and safety culture in the Italian Air Force. Organization Studies, 34(4), 437–467.
Cerulo, K. A. (2006). Never saw it coming: Cultural challenges to envisioning the worst. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Christianson, M. K., Farkas, M. T., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Weick, K. E. (2009). Learning through rare events: Significant interruptions at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum. Organization Science, 20(5), 846–860.
Cojocaru, D. (2012). Appreciative inquiry and organisational change. Applications in medical services. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 38, 122-131.
Cojocaru, S. (2005). Appreciative methods in social work. Investigation, supervision and case management, Iasi: Polirom.
Cojocaru, S. (2013). Appreciative inquiry in social work, Lambert Academic Publishing.
Cojocaru, S., Bragaru, C. & Ciuchi, O. M. (2012). The role of language in constructing social realities. The appreciative Inquiry and the reconstruction of organizational ideology. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 36, 31-43.
Colville, I, Hennestad, B., Thoner, K. (2014). Organizing, changing, and learning: A sensemaking perspective on an ongoing ‘soap story’, Management Learning, 45(2) 216-234.
Colville, I., Brown, A. D., & Pye, A. J. (2012). Simplexity: Sensemaking, organizing and storytelling for our time. Human Relations 65(1): 5-15.
Corley, K. G. & Gioia, D. A. (2004). Identity ambiguity and change in the wake of a corporate spin-off. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(2), 173–208.
Cornelissen, J. (2012). Sensemaking under pressure: The influence of professional roles and social accountability on the creation of sense. Organization Science, 23(1), 118–137.
Covey, S. (1993). Principle-Centered Leadership: A Philosophy for Life and Success In Business, London: Simon & Schuster.
Cunliffe, A. L. (2001). Managers as practical authors: Reconstructing our understanding of management practice. Journal of Management Studies, 38, 351-371.
Cunliffe, A. L. (2002). Social poetics as management inquiry: A dialogical approach. Journal of Management Inquiry, 11, 128-146.
Cunliffe, A. L. (2008). Orientations to social constructionism: Relationally responsive social constructionism and its implications for knowledge and learning, Management Learning, 39(2), 123-139.
Cuyvers, G. (2010). Appreciative inquiry as a foundation for quality development. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 39-52.
Drazin, R., Glynn, M. A., & Kazanjian, R. K. (1999). Multilevel theorizing about creativity in organizations: A sensemaking perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24, 286–307.
Dulcan, D. C. (2009). Inteligenta materiei, Cluj-Napoca: Eikon.
Fairhurst, G. T., & Connaughton S. L. (2014). Leadership: A communicative perspective, Leadership, 10(1), 7-35.
Forgas, J. P. & George, J. M. (2001). Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 3–34.
Gergen, K. J. (1985). Theory of the self: Impasse and evolution. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and relationships. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gergen, K. J. (2009). An invitation to social construction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gergen, K. J. (2015). An invitation to social construction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gergen, K. J., Gergen, M. M. & Barrett, F. J. (2004). ‘Dialogue: life and death of the organization’. In D. Grant, C. Hardy, C. Oswick and L. Putnam (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Discourse. London: Sage.
Gergen, K. J., McNamee, S. & Barrett, F. J. (2001). ’Towards Transformative Dialogue’, International Journal of Public Administration, 24 (7/8), 679-707.
Gergen, K. J., Gergen M. (2012). Playing with purpose. Adventures in performative social science. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Haas, M. R. (2006). Knowledge gathering, team capabilities, and project performance in challenging work environments. Management Science, 52(8), 1170–1184.
Hernes, T. & Maitlis, S. (Eds.). (2010a). Process, sensemaking, and organizing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hill, R. C. & Levenhagen, M. (1995). Metaphors and mental models: Sensemaking and sensegiving in innovative and entrepreneurial activities. Journal of Management, 21(6), 1057–1074.
Hodgkinson, G. P. & Healey, M. P. (2011). Psychological foundations of dynamic capabilities: Reflexion and reflection in strategic, Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 1500–1516.
Hosking, M. & McNamee, S. (2006). The social construction of organization. Malmo, Sweden: Liber & Copenhagen Business School Press.
Huy, Q. N. (2011). How middle managers’ group focus emotions and social identities influence strategy implementation Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 1387–1410.
Lieberman, M. D. (2000). Intuition: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 109–137.
Littlejohn, S., & Domenici, K. (2000). Engaging communication in conflict: systemic practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Liu, F. & Maitlis, S. (2014). Emotional dynamics and strategizing processes: A study of strategic conversations in top team meetings. Journal of Management Studies, 51(2), 202–234.
Lusch, R. F. (2007). Marketing's evolving identity: Defining our future. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 26, 261-268.
Lüscher, L. S. & Lewis, M. W. (2008). Organizational change and managerial sensemaking: Working through paradox. Academy of Management Journal, 51(2), 221–240.
Lustig, P. & Ringland, G. (2010). The role of appreciative inquiry in meeting the challenges of the next decade. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 77-85.
Maas, A. J., Manschot, E. M. & Roodink, T. J. (2001). We make sense of all that jazz: Mapping in social context. Career Development International, 6(7), 370-377.
Magala, S. J. (1997). The making and unmaking of sense, Organization Studies, 18(2), 317-338.
Maitlis, S. (2005). The social processes of organizational sensemaking’. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 21-49.
Maitlis, S. & Christianson, M. (2014). Sensemaking in organizations: Taking stock and Moving Forward, The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 57-125.
Maitlis, S. & Sonenshein, S. (2010). Sensemaking in crisis and change: Inspiration and insights, from Weick (1988). Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 551-580.
Marshak, R. J., Grant, D. (2008). Organizational discourse and new organization development practices, British Journal of Management, 19, 7-1. S7-S19.
McNamee, S. & Gergen, K. J. (Eds.). (1999). Relational responsibility: Resources for sustainable dialogue. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
McNamee, S. (2004). Social construction as a practical theory. Lessons for practice and reflection in psychotherapy. In Pare D., Larner G. (Eds.), Critical knowledge and practice in psychotherapy (9-21). New York : Haworth Press.
Mills, J. H. (2003). Making sense of Organizational Change. Routledge, London, UK.
Mumby, D. & Clair, R. (1997). Organizational discourse. In T.A. Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as structure and process: Discourse studies vol. 2 – A multidisciplinary introduction (181–205). London: Sage.
Ouchi, W. & Wilkins, A. (1985). Organizational culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 11, 457–83.
Payne, A. F., Storbacka, K. & Frow, P. (2008). Managing the co-creation value. Journal of the Academia of Marketing Science, 36, 83-96.
Polanyi, M. (1967). Sense-giving and sense-reading. Philosophy, 42(162), 301–325.
Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The blinders of dominant logic. Long Range Planning, 37, 171-179. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2004.01.010.
Rafaeli, A., Ravid, S. & Cheshin, A. (2009). Sensemaking in virtual teams: The impact of emotions and support tools on team mental models and team performance. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24, 151–182.
Rerup, C., & Feldman, M. S. (2011). Routines as a source of change in organizational schemata: The role of trial-and-error learning. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 577–610.
Russell, M. (2003). Leadership and followership as a relational process, Educational Management and Administration, 31(2): 145-157, Sage Publications.
Sandberg, J. & Tsoukas, H. (2014). Making sense of the sensemaking perspective: Its constituents, limitations, and opportunities for further development. Journal of Organizational Behavior. doi: 10.1002/JOB.1937.
Schwarz, N, & Clore, G. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences In E. T Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed, pp 385–407.) New York, NY: Guilford.
Shotter, J. (1989). ‘Social accountability and the social construction of “you” ‘in J. Shotter & K. j. Gergen (eds). Texts of identity, 133-51. London: Sage.
Somerville, M. M., Farner, M. (2012). Appreciative inquiry: A transformative Approach for Initiating Shared Leadership and Organizational Learning. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 38, 7-24.
Sonenshein, S. (2010). We’re changing or are we? Untangling the role of progressive, regressive, and stability narratives during strategic change implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 477–512.
Sutcliffe, K. M. (2013). Sensemaking. In M. Augier & D. Teece (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of strategic management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/ 10.1057/9781137294678.0623.
Taleb, N. N. (2007). The black swam: The impact of highly improbable, Random House.
Taylor, J. R., & Van Every, E. J. (2000). The emergent organization: Communication as its site and surface. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Thibault, P. J. (1997). Re-Reading Saussure. New York and London: Routledge.
Weick, K. E. (1969). The social psychology of organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Weick, K. E. (1993). Sensemaking in organizations: Small Structures with large consequences. In J. K. Murnighan, Social Psychology in Organizations Advances in Theory and Research, Prentice-Hall.
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Weick, K. E. (2012). Organized sensemaking: A commentary on processes of interpretive work. Human Relations, 65, 141-153.
Weick, K. E., & Roberts, K. H. (1993). Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 357–381.
Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2001). Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking and organizing. Organization Science, 16(4), 409-421.
Whiteman, G., & Cooper, J. B. (2011). Ecological sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 889–911.
Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical investigations. Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Wright, C. R., Manning, M. R., Farmer, B., & Gilbreath, B. (2000). Resourceful sensemaking in product development teams. Organization Studies, 21(4), 807–825.
Zilber, T. B. (2007). Stories and the discursive dynamics of institutional entrepreneurship: The case Israeli high-tech after the bubble. Organization Studies, 28, 1035-1054.
Andrus, C. (2010). Using appreciative inquiry to build organizational capacity to learn, risk and grow. Appreciative therapies. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 63-76.
Balogun, J. & Johnson, G. (2004). Organizational restructuring and middle manager sensemaking, Academy of Management Journal, 47, 523-549.
Barge, J. K., & Fairhurst, G. T. (2008). Living leadership: A systemic constructionist approach, Leadership, 4(3), 227-251.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Bingham, C. B., & Kahl, S. J. (2013). The process of schema emergence: Assimilation, deconstruction, unitization and the plurality of analogies. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 14–34.
Bolander, P., & Sandberg, J. (2013). How employee selection decisions are made in practice. Organization Studies, 34, 285-311.
Brown, A. D. Colville, I. & Pye, A. (2015). Making sense of sensemaking in organization studies, Organization Studies, 36(2), 265-277.
Brown, M. H. (1990). Defining stories in organizations: Characteristics and function. In S. Deetz (ed.), Communication Yearbook, 13, 162-190.. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Burr, V. (2003). Social constructionism (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Bushe, G. R. (2010). Comparative case study of appreciative inquires in one organization: implications for practice, Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 29, 7-24.
Bushe, G. R., & Marshak R. J. (2009). Revisioning organization development: Diagnostic and dialogic premises and patterns of practice, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 45(3) 348-368: Sage Publications.
Catino, M., & Patriotta, G. (2013). Learning from errors: Cognition, emotions and safety culture in the Italian Air Force. Organization Studies, 34(4), 437–467.
Cerulo, K. A. (2006). Never saw it coming: Cultural challenges to envisioning the worst. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Christianson, M. K., Farkas, M. T., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Weick, K. E. (2009). Learning through rare events: Significant interruptions at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum. Organization Science, 20(5), 846–860.
Cojocaru, D. (2012). Appreciative inquiry and organisational change. Applications in medical services. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 38, 122-131.
Cojocaru, S. (2005). Appreciative methods in social work. Investigation, supervision and case management, Iasi: Polirom.
Cojocaru, S. (2013). Appreciative inquiry in social work, Lambert Academic Publishing.
Cojocaru, S., Bragaru, C. & Ciuchi, O. M. (2012). The role of language in constructing social realities. The appreciative Inquiry and the reconstruction of organizational ideology. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 36, 31-43.
Colville, I, Hennestad, B., Thoner, K. (2014). Organizing, changing, and learning: A sensemaking perspective on an ongoing ‘soap story’, Management Learning, 45(2) 216-234.
Colville, I., Brown, A. D., & Pye, A. J. (2012). Simplexity: Sensemaking, organizing and storytelling for our time. Human Relations 65(1): 5-15.
Corley, K. G. & Gioia, D. A. (2004). Identity ambiguity and change in the wake of a corporate spin-off. Administrative Science Quarterly, 49(2), 173–208.
Cornelissen, J. (2012). Sensemaking under pressure: The influence of professional roles and social accountability on the creation of sense. Organization Science, 23(1), 118–137.
Covey, S. (1993). Principle-Centered Leadership: A Philosophy for Life and Success In Business, London: Simon & Schuster.
Cunliffe, A. L. (2001). Managers as practical authors: Reconstructing our understanding of management practice. Journal of Management Studies, 38, 351-371.
Cunliffe, A. L. (2002). Social poetics as management inquiry: A dialogical approach. Journal of Management Inquiry, 11, 128-146.
Cunliffe, A. L. (2008). Orientations to social constructionism: Relationally responsive social constructionism and its implications for knowledge and learning, Management Learning, 39(2), 123-139.
Cuyvers, G. (2010). Appreciative inquiry as a foundation for quality development. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 39-52.
Drazin, R., Glynn, M. A., & Kazanjian, R. K. (1999). Multilevel theorizing about creativity in organizations: A sensemaking perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24, 286–307.
Dulcan, D. C. (2009). Inteligenta materiei, Cluj-Napoca: Eikon.
Fairhurst, G. T., & Connaughton S. L. (2014). Leadership: A communicative perspective, Leadership, 10(1), 7-35.
Forgas, J. P. & George, J. M. (2001). Affective influences on judgments and behavior in organizations: An information processing perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86(1), 3–34.
Gergen, K. J. (1985). Theory of the self: Impasse and evolution. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. New York: Academic Press.
Gergen, K. J. (1994). Realities and relationships. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gergen, K. J. (2009). An invitation to social construction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gergen, K. J. (2015). An invitation to social construction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gergen, K. J., Gergen, M. M. & Barrett, F. J. (2004). ‘Dialogue: life and death of the organization’. In D. Grant, C. Hardy, C. Oswick and L. Putnam (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Discourse. London: Sage.
Gergen, K. J., McNamee, S. & Barrett, F. J. (2001). ’Towards Transformative Dialogue’, International Journal of Public Administration, 24 (7/8), 679-707.
Gergen, K. J., Gergen M. (2012). Playing with purpose. Adventures in performative social science. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Haas, M. R. (2006). Knowledge gathering, team capabilities, and project performance in challenging work environments. Management Science, 52(8), 1170–1184.
Hernes, T. & Maitlis, S. (Eds.). (2010a). Process, sensemaking, and organizing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hill, R. C. & Levenhagen, M. (1995). Metaphors and mental models: Sensemaking and sensegiving in innovative and entrepreneurial activities. Journal of Management, 21(6), 1057–1074.
Hodgkinson, G. P. & Healey, M. P. (2011). Psychological foundations of dynamic capabilities: Reflexion and reflection in strategic, Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 1500–1516.
Hosking, M. & McNamee, S. (2006). The social construction of organization. Malmo, Sweden: Liber & Copenhagen Business School Press.
Huy, Q. N. (2011). How middle managers’ group focus emotions and social identities influence strategy implementation Strategic Management Journal, 32(13), 1387–1410.
Lieberman, M. D. (2000). Intuition: A social cognitive neuroscience approach. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 109–137.
Littlejohn, S., & Domenici, K. (2000). Engaging communication in conflict: systemic practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Liu, F. & Maitlis, S. (2014). Emotional dynamics and strategizing processes: A study of strategic conversations in top team meetings. Journal of Management Studies, 51(2), 202–234.
Lusch, R. F. (2007). Marketing's evolving identity: Defining our future. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 26, 261-268.
Lüscher, L. S. & Lewis, M. W. (2008). Organizational change and managerial sensemaking: Working through paradox. Academy of Management Journal, 51(2), 221–240.
Lustig, P. & Ringland, G. (2010). The role of appreciative inquiry in meeting the challenges of the next decade. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 30, 77-85.
Maas, A. J., Manschot, E. M. & Roodink, T. J. (2001). We make sense of all that jazz: Mapping in social context. Career Development International, 6(7), 370-377.
Magala, S. J. (1997). The making and unmaking of sense, Organization Studies, 18(2), 317-338.
Maitlis, S. (2005). The social processes of organizational sensemaking’. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 21-49.
Maitlis, S. & Christianson, M. (2014). Sensemaking in organizations: Taking stock and Moving Forward, The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 57-125.
Maitlis, S. & Sonenshein, S. (2010). Sensemaking in crisis and change: Inspiration and insights, from Weick (1988). Journal of Management Studies, 47(3), 551-580.
Marshak, R. J., Grant, D. (2008). Organizational discourse and new organization development practices, British Journal of Management, 19, 7-1. S7-S19.
McNamee, S. & Gergen, K. J. (Eds.). (1999). Relational responsibility: Resources for sustainable dialogue. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
McNamee, S. (2004). Social construction as a practical theory. Lessons for practice and reflection in psychotherapy. In Pare D., Larner G. (Eds.), Critical knowledge and practice in psychotherapy (9-21). New York : Haworth Press.
Mills, J. H. (2003). Making sense of Organizational Change. Routledge, London, UK.
Mumby, D. & Clair, R. (1997). Organizational discourse. In T.A. Van Dijk (ed.), Discourse as structure and process: Discourse studies vol. 2 – A multidisciplinary introduction (181–205). London: Sage.
Ouchi, W. & Wilkins, A. (1985). Organizational culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 11, 457–83.
Payne, A. F., Storbacka, K. & Frow, P. (2008). Managing the co-creation value. Journal of the Academia of Marketing Science, 36, 83-96.
Polanyi, M. (1967). Sense-giving and sense-reading. Philosophy, 42(162), 301–325.
Prahalad, C. K. (2004). The blinders of dominant logic. Long Range Planning, 37, 171-179. doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2004.01.010.
Rafaeli, A., Ravid, S. & Cheshin, A. (2009). Sensemaking in virtual teams: The impact of emotions and support tools on team mental models and team performance. International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24, 151–182.
Rerup, C., & Feldman, M. S. (2011). Routines as a source of change in organizational schemata: The role of trial-and-error learning. Academy of Management Journal, 54(3), 577–610.
Russell, M. (2003). Leadership and followership as a relational process, Educational Management and Administration, 31(2): 145-157, Sage Publications.
Sandberg, J. & Tsoukas, H. (2014). Making sense of the sensemaking perspective: Its constituents, limitations, and opportunities for further development. Journal of Organizational Behavior. doi: 10.1002/JOB.1937.
Schwarz, N, & Clore, G. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences In E. T Higgins & A. Kruglanski (Eds), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed, pp 385–407.) New York, NY: Guilford.
Shotter, J. (1989). ‘Social accountability and the social construction of “you” ‘in J. Shotter & K. j. Gergen (eds). Texts of identity, 133-51. London: Sage.
Somerville, M. M., Farner, M. (2012). Appreciative inquiry: A transformative Approach for Initiating Shared Leadership and Organizational Learning. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 38, 7-24.
Sonenshein, S. (2010). We’re changing or are we? Untangling the role of progressive, regressive, and stability narratives during strategic change implementation. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 477–512.
Sutcliffe, K. M. (2013). Sensemaking. In M. Augier & D. Teece (Eds.), The Palgrave encyclopedia of strategic management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Advance online publication. Retrieved from http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/ 10.1057/9781137294678.0623.
Taleb, N. N. (2007). The black swam: The impact of highly improbable, Random House.
Taylor, J. R., & Van Every, E. J. (2000). The emergent organization: Communication as its site and surface. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Thibault, P. J. (1997). Re-Reading Saussure. New York and London: Routledge.
Weick, K. E. (1969). The social psychology of organizing. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Weick, K. E. (1993). Sensemaking in organizations: Small Structures with large consequences. In J. K. Murnighan, Social Psychology in Organizations Advances in Theory and Research, Prentice-Hall.
Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in organization. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Weick, K. E. (2012). Organized sensemaking: A commentary on processes of interpretive work. Human Relations, 65, 141-153.
Weick, K. E., & Roberts, K. H. (1993). Collective mind in organizations: Heedful interrelating on flight decks. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38: 357–381.
Weick, K. E., & Sutcliffe, K. M. (2001). Managing the unexpected: Assuring high performance in an age of complexity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Weick, K. E., Sutcliffe, K. M., & Obstfeld, D. (2005). Organizing and the process of sensemaking and organizing. Organization Science, 16(4), 409-421.
Whiteman, G., & Cooper, J. B. (2011). Ecological sensemaking. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 889–911.
Wittgenstein, L. (1958). Philosophical investigations. Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Wright, C. R., Manning, M. R., Farmer, B., & Gilbreath, B. (2000). Resourceful sensemaking in product development teams. Organization Studies, 21(4), 807–825.
Zilber, T. B. (2007). Stories and the discursive dynamics of institutional entrepreneurship: The case Israeli high-tech after the bubble. Organization Studies, 28, 1035-1054.