Examining Empathy As A Communication Technique In The Context of Gender And Cultural Differences: A Review Study
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Sep 25, 2017
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Abstract
Empathy has several definitions which involve a broad range of emotional states, including caring to help others; also experiencing emotions which may pair with another person's emotions; and caring what another person is thinking or feeling and making differences between the self and the others less different.Empathy helps to communicate better where we can easily understand why people do or say or not say something thus,we can establish a healthy and harmonious relationship with people.Empathy also depends on cultural values,gender and enviromental factors because every people are different and so their ability to establish empathy is to be expected different. Purpose of this review study is to explain the importance of empathy, it’s components and to discuss the effects of gender and culture on empathy.
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References
REFERENCES
Akkoyun, F. (1987). Empatik Gelişim ve Ahlaki Yargi. Psikoloji Dergisi. 6(21). 103-124.
Aybek, B., & Ekinci Ö. (2000). Analysis of the empathy and the critical thinking disposition of the teacher.
Alexander, G.M., & Wilcox, T. (2012).Sex differences in early infancy. Child Dev.Perspect.,6(4) pp. 400–406.
Bacanlı, H. (2006). Gelişim ve öğrenme. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Batson, C, D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz Advances in experimental social psychology (vol 20, pp.65-122).New York : Academic Press.
Batson C, D. (1991).The altruism question: Toward a social psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bellous, J. B. (2001). Considering empathy some preliminary definition.
Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Parrott, L., Connor, L. E., & Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF).
Cassels, T. G., Chan,S. Chung, W., & Birch, S.A.J. (2010). The role of culture in affective empathy: Cultural and bicultural differences.Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10 (3–4), pp. 309–326 .
Cotton, K. (2001). Developing, Empathy in children and youth. School improvement research series. Retrieved December 25,2015 from http://www.antelopesprig counseling.com.
Cox, G., & Daınow S.Gizli Güçlerinizi Keşfedin. İstanbul: Mozaik Yayınları. S: 15.
Christov, L., Simpson, E.A., G. Coudé, K., Grigaityte, M. Iacoboni,P., & Ferrari,F. (2014).
Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 46. (P4).pp. 604–627.
Cüceloğlu, D. (1997). İnsan ve Davranışı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Cüceloğlu, D. (2002). İletişim Donanımları. İstanbul: Remzi
Cüceloğlu, D. (2002). İletişim Donanımları. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Cüceloğlu, D. (2009). Yeniden İnsan İnsana. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Çarıkçı, İ. H. (2009). Erillik/Dişilik Boyutunun Empatik Beceri İle İilişkisi. Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi ½. 52-63.
Davis, M. (1994). Westview Press. Empathy. A Social Psychological Approach. A Division
of Harper Collins Publishers.Davranışlarının incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri
Dergi.7(2). 748-777.
Decety J, W.(2009). The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Cambridge.7-8. Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, and A Control Group Family Process, Fall, 2000 Family Process.In Association.
Dökmen, Ü. (1997). İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
Dovidio, J. F., Schroeder, D. A., & Allen, J. L (1990). “Specificity of empathy-induced helping: Evidence for altruistic motivation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59: 249- 260.
Dovidio, J. (2000). Prosocial Behavior And Empathy, In Adulthood. Colgate University.Hamilton. Usa Elsevier Science Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Eisenberg, N., Lennon, R.(1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities
Psychol. Bull., 94 (1) (1983), p. 100.
Eisenber, N. (2000). Emotıon, Regulatıon, And Moral Development. Annual Review Of
Psychology. In Association With The Gale Group And Looksmart.
Elam CL. Use of “emotional intelligence” as one measure of medical school applicants’ noncognitive characteristics. Acad Med 2000;75:445-6.
Empathy. (2001). Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2. ed. Gale Group.
Erözkan, A. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin iletişim becerilerini etkileyen faktörler. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 26(26). 59-68.
Feshbach, N.D. (1990). Parental Empathy And Child Adjustment Maladjustmen. In Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J. (Eds), Empathy And İts Development. New York: Cambridge University Press, 271-292.
Gini,G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior. 33 (5). pp. 467-476.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Gündoğdu, R. (2010). Farklı puan türüne göre eğitim fakültesine gelen öğrencilerin kendini açma.
Guttman. Herta,A. (2001). Empathy in Families of Women With Borderline Personality.
Hasta, D. ve Güler, E. (2013). Saldırganlık: Kişilerarası ilişki tarzları ve empati açısından bir inceleme. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(1), 64-104.
Hoffman, M. L. & Levine, L. E. (1976). “Early Sex Differences in Empathy”,Developmental Psychology, 12(6): 557-558.
Ilgar,M. Z.,& Ilgar S.C.(2014).Empati̇ni̇n Psi̇koloji̇k Danışma Süreci̇nde Moti̇vasyonel Bi̇r
Güç Olarak Kullanması. İZÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Retrieved January 24, 2016 from
http://openaccess.izu.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/izu/137/Ilgar.
Joinson, A. N.and Paine, C. B. (2007). Selfdisclosure, privacy and the internet. The Oxford
handbook of Internet psychology. 237–252.
Jolliffe,D. Farrington, D.P. (2004).Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta
analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9 (5) (2004), pp. 441-476.
Jolliffe, D. Farrington, D.P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and
bullying, Aggressive Behavior, 32 (6) (2006), pp.540-550.
Kadiangandu, J. K., Mullet, E., & Vinsonneau,G. (2001). Forgiveness: A Congo-France Comparison. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 504-511.
Kalbfleisch PJ, Keyton J (1995): Power and equality in mentoring relationships. In Kalbfleisch PJ,Cody MJ (eds): “Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships.” Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp 189–212.
Kalliopuska, M. (1983). Relationship Between Moral Judgment and Empathy. Psychological
Reports. 3. 575-578.
Kaplan, P. J., & Arbuthnot, J. (1985). Affective empathy and cognitive role-taking in
delinquent and nondelinquent youth. Adolescence, 20, 323–333.
Kaya, A. (2015). Kişilerarası İlişkiler ve Etkili İletişim. Ankara: Pegam Akademi.
Kemp, R. A. T., Overbeek, G., de Wied, M., Engels, R. C. M. E. ve Scholte, R. H. J. (2007).
“Early Adolescent Empathy, Parental Support, and Antisocial Behavior”. Journal of
Genetic Psychology. 168(1). 5-18.
Koç, B. (2014). Kişilerarası ilişki tarzlarının saldırganlık ile ilişkisi. Uluslararası Türkçe
Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi. 3(4). 160-182.
Köksal, A. (1997). “Müzik Eğitimi Alan ve Almayan Ergenlerin Empatik Becerilerinin ve
Uyum Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Ankara
Üniversitesi.
Krebs, D. L. (1975). Empathy and Altruism. Journal of Personality and Social psychology.32.
1134 -1146.
Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 663–665.
Metin, H. (2011). Empatik iletişim ve yönetişim. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi.
32.178-204.
Murphy, J.M., & Gilligan,C. (1980).Moral development in late adolescence and adulthood: A
critique and reconstruction of Kohlberg's theory Human Development, 23 (2) , pp. 77–104.
Murray, B. (1998). Does emotional intelligence matter in the workplace.American
Psychological Assocation, 29(7).
Myer, A. (2007). A study of the differences between appropriate and inappropriate
interpersonal candidates. Retrieved December 25, 2015 from
http://ilkogretimonline.org.tr/vol9say2/v9s2m30.pdf
Öneş, A., A. (Çev). ( 1993). Freud. Cinsiyet üzerine ( 6.basım). İstanbul: Say Yayınları
Özbek, M. F. (2004). Toplumsal yaşamda empati.Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi.
Özbek, M. F. (2010). İnsan ilişkilerinde empatinin yeri ve önemi.Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 68-77.
Pala,A. (2008). Öğretmen Adaylarının Empati Kurma Düzeyleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 23. Sayı.
Plomin, R. (1990). Nature and nurture: An introduction to human behavivoral genetics.
NewYork. Wadsworth Publishing.Retrieved February 5, 2016 from http://www.mcmaster.
ca/mjtm/bellous1.htm. self-disclosure in a work environment.Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Empori State University.
Preston,S. D. (2012). The origins of altruism in offspring care.Psychol. Bull., 139 (6) (2013),
pp. 1305–1341.
Schultze‐Krumbholz, A. & Scheithauer, H. (2009b). Social‐behavioural correlates of cyberbullying in a German student sample. Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 224‐226.
Smith, H. (1996). Sensitivity to People. Mcgraw- Hill Book Company.Michigan state
University.
Stilwel, B. M. (2001). Empathy and Moral Development. Implications gor Caring and Justice
Journal of the American Academy of Child And Adolescent.Retrieved March 1, 2015
from http://www.akademikbakis.org/eskisite/1/5. pdf.
Tuncay, T & İl,S.(2009).Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamasinda Empatiyi Yeniden Düşünmek. 2(20).
Tuyan, S. Beceren, E. (2002). Duygusal Zekâ ve Empati. Retrived fromRetrieved March 1,
2016 http://www2.bayar.edu.tr/yonetimekonomi/dergi/pdf/C14S12007/SDOD.pdf
Wasserman, D. (2000). Empathy and justice. Vegetarian Journal. Retrieved January 25, 2016
from http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423868424. pdf.Winnet.
Azriel. (2001). Empathy In Communication. Retrieved December 25,2015 from
http://www.selfgrowth.com.
Yavuzer, H. (2007). Doğum öncesinden ergenlik sonuna çocuk psikolojisi. İstanbul: Remzi
Kitabevi.
Yeşilyaprak B. (2001). Duygusal Zeka ve Eğitim Açısından Doğurguları. Kuram ve
Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi 25:139-1.
Yılmaz, M. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilerarası ilişki tarzları ve kendini açma
düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Muğla Üniversitesi.Muğla
Zaki, J. Ochsner, K.N. (2012).The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise
Nat. Neurosci.15 (5). pp. 675–680.
Akkoyun, F. (1987). Empatik Gelişim ve Ahlaki Yargi. Psikoloji Dergisi. 6(21). 103-124.
Aybek, B., & Ekinci Ö. (2000). Analysis of the empathy and the critical thinking disposition of the teacher.
Alexander, G.M., & Wilcox, T. (2012).Sex differences in early infancy. Child Dev.Perspect.,6(4) pp. 400–406.
Bacanlı, H. (2006). Gelişim ve öğrenme. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Batson, C, D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? In L. Berkowitz Advances in experimental social psychology (vol 20, pp.65-122).New York : Academic Press.
Batson C, D. (1991).The altruism question: Toward a social psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bellous, J. B. (2001). Considering empathy some preliminary definition.
Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., Parrott, L., Connor, L. E., & Wade, N. G. (2001). Dispositional forgivingness: development and construct validity of the Transgression Narrative Test of Forgivingness (TNTF).
Cassels, T. G., Chan,S. Chung, W., & Birch, S.A.J. (2010). The role of culture in affective empathy: Cultural and bicultural differences.Journal of Cognition and Culture, 10 (3–4), pp. 309–326 .
Cotton, K. (2001). Developing, Empathy in children and youth. School improvement research series. Retrieved December 25,2015 from http://www.antelopesprig counseling.com.
Cox, G., & Daınow S.Gizli Güçlerinizi Keşfedin. İstanbul: Mozaik Yayınları. S: 15.
Christov, L., Simpson, E.A., G. Coudé, K., Grigaityte, M. Iacoboni,P., & Ferrari,F. (2014).
Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 46. (P4).pp. 604–627.
Cüceloğlu, D. (1997). İnsan ve Davranışı. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Cüceloğlu, D. (2002). İletişim Donanımları. İstanbul: Remzi
Cüceloğlu, D. (2002). İletişim Donanımları. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Cüceloğlu, D. (2009). Yeniden İnsan İnsana. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
Çarıkçı, İ. H. (2009). Erillik/Dişilik Boyutunun Empatik Beceri İle İilişkisi. Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi ½. 52-63.
Davis, M. (1994). Westview Press. Empathy. A Social Psychological Approach. A Division
of Harper Collins Publishers.Davranışlarının incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri
Dergi.7(2). 748-777.
Decety J, W.(2009). The Social Neuroscience of Empathy. Cambridge.7-8. Disorder, Anorexia Nervosa, and A Control Group Family Process, Fall, 2000 Family Process.In Association.
Dökmen, Ü. (1997). İletişim Çatışmaları ve Empati. İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
Dovidio, J. F., Schroeder, D. A., & Allen, J. L (1990). “Specificity of empathy-induced helping: Evidence for altruistic motivation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59: 249- 260.
Dovidio, J. (2000). Prosocial Behavior And Empathy, In Adulthood. Colgate University.Hamilton. Usa Elsevier Science Ltd. All Rights Reserved.
Eisenberg, N., Lennon, R.(1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities
Psychol. Bull., 94 (1) (1983), p. 100.
Eisenber, N. (2000). Emotıon, Regulatıon, And Moral Development. Annual Review Of
Psychology. In Association With The Gale Group And Looksmart.
Elam CL. Use of “emotional intelligence” as one measure of medical school applicants’ noncognitive characteristics. Acad Med 2000;75:445-6.
Empathy. (2001). Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 2. ed. Gale Group.
Erözkan, A. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinin iletişim becerilerini etkileyen faktörler. Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi. 26(26). 59-68.
Feshbach, N.D. (1990). Parental Empathy And Child Adjustment Maladjustmen. In Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J. (Eds), Empathy And İts Development. New York: Cambridge University Press, 271-292.
Gini,G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior. 33 (5). pp. 467-476.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Gündoğdu, R. (2010). Farklı puan türüne göre eğitim fakültesine gelen öğrencilerin kendini açma.
Guttman. Herta,A. (2001). Empathy in Families of Women With Borderline Personality.
Hasta, D. ve Güler, E. (2013). Saldırganlık: Kişilerarası ilişki tarzları ve empati açısından bir inceleme. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 4(1), 64-104.
Hoffman, M. L. & Levine, L. E. (1976). “Early Sex Differences in Empathy”,Developmental Psychology, 12(6): 557-558.
Ilgar,M. Z.,& Ilgar S.C.(2014).Empati̇ni̇n Psi̇koloji̇k Danışma Süreci̇nde Moti̇vasyonel Bi̇r
Güç Olarak Kullanması. İZÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Retrieved January 24, 2016 from
http://openaccess.izu.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/izu/137/Ilgar.
Joinson, A. N.and Paine, C. B. (2007). Selfdisclosure, privacy and the internet. The Oxford
handbook of Internet psychology. 237–252.
Jolliffe,D. Farrington, D.P. (2004).Empathy and offending: A systematic review and meta
analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9 (5) (2004), pp. 441-476.
Jolliffe, D. Farrington, D.P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and
bullying, Aggressive Behavior, 32 (6) (2006), pp.540-550.
Kadiangandu, J. K., Mullet, E., & Vinsonneau,G. (2001). Forgiveness: A Congo-France Comparison. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 504-511.
Kalbfleisch PJ, Keyton J (1995): Power and equality in mentoring relationships. In Kalbfleisch PJ,Cody MJ (eds): “Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships.” Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp 189–212.
Kalliopuska, M. (1983). Relationship Between Moral Judgment and Empathy. Psychological
Reports. 3. 575-578.
Kaplan, P. J., & Arbuthnot, J. (1985). Affective empathy and cognitive role-taking in
delinquent and nondelinquent youth. Adolescence, 20, 323–333.
Kaya, A. (2015). Kişilerarası İlişkiler ve Etkili İletişim. Ankara: Pegam Akademi.
Kemp, R. A. T., Overbeek, G., de Wied, M., Engels, R. C. M. E. ve Scholte, R. H. J. (2007).
“Early Adolescent Empathy, Parental Support, and Antisocial Behavior”. Journal of
Genetic Psychology. 168(1). 5-18.
Koç, B. (2014). Kişilerarası ilişki tarzlarının saldırganlık ile ilişkisi. Uluslararası Türkçe
Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi. 3(4). 160-182.
Köksal, A. (1997). “Müzik Eğitimi Alan ve Almayan Ergenlerin Empatik Becerilerinin ve
Uyum Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara: Ankara
Üniversitesi.
Krebs, D. L. (1975). Empathy and Altruism. Journal of Personality and Social psychology.32.
1134 -1146.
Macaskill, A., Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002). Forgiveness of self and others and emotional empathy. Journal of Social Psychology, 142, 663–665.
Metin, H. (2011). Empatik iletişim ve yönetişim. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi.
32.178-204.
Murphy, J.M., & Gilligan,C. (1980).Moral development in late adolescence and adulthood: A
critique and reconstruction of Kohlberg's theory Human Development, 23 (2) , pp. 77–104.
Murray, B. (1998). Does emotional intelligence matter in the workplace.American
Psychological Assocation, 29(7).
Myer, A. (2007). A study of the differences between appropriate and inappropriate
interpersonal candidates. Retrieved December 25, 2015 from
http://ilkogretimonline.org.tr/vol9say2/v9s2m30.pdf
Öneş, A., A. (Çev). ( 1993). Freud. Cinsiyet üzerine ( 6.basım). İstanbul: Say Yayınları
Özbek, M. F. (2004). Toplumsal yaşamda empati.Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler E-Dergisi.
Özbek, M. F. (2010). İnsan ilişkilerinde empatinin yeri ve önemi.Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 68-77.
Pala,A. (2008). Öğretmen Adaylarının Empati Kurma Düzeyleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 23. Sayı.
Plomin, R. (1990). Nature and nurture: An introduction to human behavivoral genetics.
NewYork. Wadsworth Publishing.Retrieved February 5, 2016 from http://www.mcmaster.
ca/mjtm/bellous1.htm. self-disclosure in a work environment.Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Empori State University.
Preston,S. D. (2012). The origins of altruism in offspring care.Psychol. Bull., 139 (6) (2013),
pp. 1305–1341.
Schultze‐Krumbholz, A. & Scheithauer, H. (2009b). Social‐behavioural correlates of cyberbullying in a German student sample. Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 224‐226.
Smith, H. (1996). Sensitivity to People. Mcgraw- Hill Book Company.Michigan state
University.
Stilwel, B. M. (2001). Empathy and Moral Development. Implications gor Caring and Justice
Journal of the American Academy of Child And Adolescent.Retrieved March 1, 2015
from http://www.akademikbakis.org/eskisite/1/5. pdf.
Tuncay, T & İl,S.(2009).Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamasinda Empatiyi Yeniden Düşünmek. 2(20).
Tuyan, S. Beceren, E. (2002). Duygusal Zekâ ve Empati. Retrived fromRetrieved March 1,
2016 http://www2.bayar.edu.tr/yonetimekonomi/dergi/pdf/C14S12007/SDOD.pdf
Wasserman, D. (2000). Empathy and justice. Vegetarian Journal. Retrieved January 25, 2016
from http://www.acarindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423868424. pdf.Winnet.
Azriel. (2001). Empathy In Communication. Retrieved December 25,2015 from
http://www.selfgrowth.com.
Yavuzer, H. (2007). Doğum öncesinden ergenlik sonuna çocuk psikolojisi. İstanbul: Remzi
Kitabevi.
Yeşilyaprak B. (2001). Duygusal Zeka ve Eğitim Açısından Doğurguları. Kuram ve
Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi 25:139-1.
Yılmaz, M. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinin kişilerarası ilişki tarzları ve kendini açma
düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Muğla Üniversitesi.Muğla
Zaki, J. Ochsner, K.N. (2012).The neuroscience of empathy: progress, pitfalls and promise
Nat. Neurosci.15 (5). pp. 675–680.