An Examination of Smoking Status of Students Attending to Vocational School of Physical Education and Sports , and The Factors Effective Thereon

Husrev Uzunali*, Gendarmes Vocational School Physıcal Educatıon and Sport Department, Ankara 06830, Turkey Emsal Ozturk, Gendarmes Vocational School Physıcal Educatıon and Sport Department, Instructor, Ankara 06830, Turkey Recep Demirsoy, Gazi University Industrial Arts Education Faculty Family and Consumer Sciences Education Department, Child Development and Human Relations Department, Ankara 06830, Turkey


Introduction
Tobacco is an annual plant within the genus HerbaNicotiana of the Solanaceae family widely grownthroughout the world (Odabası, 1991).
Tobacco was first brought to Europe from America.Christopher Columbus noticed that natives of Guanahani Island chewed tobacco leaves and also smoked to tobacco during his exploration.Subsequent to the second exploration voyage of Columbus, Francisco Hernanderbrought tobacco to Europe along with such useful plants as potatoes and tomatoes in 1559 (Apaydın, 1988).
After 17 th Century, tobacco has become an addiction as a pleasure-inducing substance.Occasionally, smoking was restricted in many countries, and smokers were subject to very heavy penalties.Despite all the foregoing smoking tobacco increasingly became widespread.Smoking tobacco in the form of cigarette was first started in 1850.followed by mass production with establishment of the first cigarette factory in England, in 1856 (Akcasu, 1984;Mangır et al., 1992).
Turkey ranks second after Greece among European countries in terms of cigarette consumption per capita.According to the only study on prevalence of smoking in Turkey, namely "Public Research on Smoking Habits and Campaign Against Smoking" as conducted in 1988, with representative power covering entire Turkey, the prevalence of smoking was 44.5 percent in the 15+ years age group (62.8 percent in men and 24 percent in women).Prevalence of smoking varies between 30-50 percent in men, and 20-40 percent in women, in developed countries.On the other hand, although the prevalence of smoking in men is approximately the same in men, it varies between 2 percent to 10 percent in women.In general smokers begin smoking at ages below 18 (Turgut, Deveci, Altuntas, & Muz, 2005).
The best study indicating the effect of smoking on health is the one, which was conducted between 1950 and 1960 on doctors in England.This study revealed to the world that incidence of tobaccorelated diseases, and especially the cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer, was quite high in smoking doctors (Barıs, 1994).
Initiatives towards preventing smoking and tobacco use became widespread together with the fact that it was clarified and indicated by evidence-based study findings that smoking had negative effects on human health by 1960s (Bilgen, 2002).
In the light of above information, the present study aims to examine the smoking habits of students attending to physical education and sports schools.

Material and Methods
Upon review of literature, necessary information regarding the subject in question was compiled and exhibited.The questionnaire as developed by Colakoglu (2005) was used as the data collection tool of the study, and recommendations were made upon data collected by means thereof.
The target population of the study was the physical education and sports and the study group was comprised of volunteered students attending to Vocational school of Physical Education and sports, Bartın University.Colakoglu's (2005) 18-item questionnaire was used to elicit information as regards demographic structure and when and how the students had begun smoking.Percentage and frequency distribution of data collected from replies to questionnaire items were presented and comparisons were made based on sub-variables of certain items.28 percent of the participants involved in the study were women, and 72 percent were men.About 22 percent of participants were of 17-21 age group, 58 percent of 22-26 age group, and 20 percent at 27 and elder age group.About 40 percent of participants were originated from metropolitan cities, 50 percent from cities, 6 percent from towns and 4 percent from villages.About 8 percent of the participants were attending to 1 st Class, 30 percent to 2 nd Class, 6 percent to 3 rd Class, and 56 percent to 4 th Class.About 42.6 percent of participants of the study were involved in sports activities for 1-4 Uzunali, H., Ozturk, E. & Demirsoy, R. ( 2016).An Examınatıon of Smokıng Status of Students Attendıng to Vocatıonal School of Physıcal Educatıon and Sports, and The Factors Effectıve Thereon. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences. [Online].05, pp 79-87.Available from: www.prosoc.eu82 years, 19.1 percent for 5-8 years, and 38.3 percent for 9 years and above, and that 30 percent of the participants were currently involved in active sports in a sports club.A review of table provides that 34 percent of the participants were chain smokers and 4 percent smoked occasionally.Approximately half of the participants began smoking at high school (47.4 percent), 63.2 percent modelled their friends to begin smoking, 63.2 percent began smoking at 14-17 years of age groups, 42.1 percent smoked 11-20 cigarettes a day, and 47.4 percent smoked for 4-6 years.A review of the table provides that fathers of 57.9 percent of the participants smoked, 94.7 percent were informed about the harms of smoking, 68.4 percent did not need a cause to smoke, 68.4 percent did not want to quit smoking, and 73.7 percent considered they can quit smoking.A review of table provides that 44.4 percent of the participants that began smoking at high school were women, 55.6 percent were men, and that all women smokers started smoking at high school.A review of the table provides that both female, and male participants were substantially affected by their friends.About 75 percent of those participants affected by their friends were male participants.A review of table provides that while age group of 27 years and above constituted the entire population that began smoking in primary school, the same group had the least percentage among those that began smoking at secondary school.About 66.7 percent of those that began smoking at high school was from 22-26 years of age group, and that all participants that began smoking at university were from 22-26 years of age group.A review of Table provides that all of the participants that began smoking at primary school were 2 nd Class students that 60 percent of participants that began smoking at secondary school were 2 nd Class students and 40 percent were 4 th Class Students, 66.7 percent of participants that began smoking at high school were 4 th Class students, and that 50 percent of participants that began smoking at university were 4 th Class students.A review of Table provides that 41.7 percent of participants that began smoking by modeling their friends were 2 nd Class students, 50 percent were 4 th Class students, that all participants that were affected by their close relatives to begin smoking were 4 th Class students, that all participants that began smoking by modeling their teachers were 2 nd Class students, that 50 percent of participants that began smoking by modelling their trainers were 2 nd Class students and 50 percent were 3 rd Class students, and that all participants that began smoking for other reasons were 4 th Class students.

Conclusion and Recommendations
As a result of the study, it was found that 72 percent of the participants involved in the study were "Men," and 28 percent were "Women," that 58 percent of the participants werefrom"22-26 age group," that 56 percent were"4 th Class" students, 50 percent were from "City," 42.6 percent of Uzunali, H., Ozturk, E. & Demirsoy, R. ( 2016).An Examınatıon of Smokıng Status of Students Attendıng to Vocatıonal School of Physıcal Educatıon and Sports, and The Factors Effectıve Thereon.New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences.[Online].05, pp 79-87.Available from: www.prosoc.eu86 participants of the study were involved in sports activities for "1-4 years and above", 70 percent were not involved in "active licensed sports," 50 percent had "Good" economic status.In Colakoglu's (2005) study, 57.3 percent of the participants were "Men," and 42.7 percent were "Women."A study by Celik et al. (2004) on 225 university students, the mean age of students was 22.06, and that 16.4 percent of all the smoking participants were women, and 83.6 percent were men.In the studies by again Celik et al .(2004)and Yoldascan et al.(2005) on smoking university students, 60.1% of students (n=181) were men and 39.9% (n=120) were women, with student ages varied between 16 and 30.A study by Akgun (2005) on Baskent University students (n=1024) found that 59.1% of students were smokers, with 39.4% of which began smoking at ages between 15 and 18.The true smokers were women (54.5%) and men (45.5%).It was suggested that a unit should be established to provide counselling for students, and tell how smoking decreases performance, together with harmful effects of smoking on health and country economy (2005).
It was seen from the results presented in the tables that 38 percent of students participated in the study were smokers, 47.7 percent reported to have begun smoking at "High School," 63.2 percent were affected by their "Friends" to begin smoking, 63.2 percent smoked their first cigarette, when they were "14-17 years" old, that 42.1 percent smoked "11-20 cigarettes" a day, and that 47.4 percent smoked for "4-6 years."Colakoglu (2005) found in her/his study that 50.7 percent of students began smoking at "High School," 68.7 percent were affected by their "Friends" to begin smoking, 49.3 percent smoked their first cigarette, when they were "14-17 years" old, 37.0 percent smoked "11-20 cigarettes" a day, and 31.8 percent smoked for "4-6 years."Celik et al. (2004) found that mean age of beginning smoking was 15.74 years and that the mean duration for smoking was 6 years.Yoldascan et al. (2005) found in their study that the median age to try smoking first time was 16.Kucukkavruk (2002) found in her/his study on university students that the mean age of beginning smoking was 17.62 years, 0.6 percent of students smoked 6-10 cigarettes a day, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day increased by age.
As a result of the study it was found that "Fathers" of 57.9 percent of the participants were smokers, 94.7 percent had detailed information about the "harmful effects of smoking on health," that 68.4 percent "required no reason to smoke," that 31.6 percent "wanted to quit smoking," and 73.7 percent reported that they "could quit smoking."According to a study by Ogus et al., (2005), the reasons for smoking was reported as decreasing distress and unhappiness (36 percent), calming down in case of anger and excitement (28 percent), concentrating on a subject (19 percent) and desire to have a more mature impression (17 percent), respectively.
The findings of the study indicated that 44.4 percent of female students and 55.6 percent of male students began smoking at high school, that 75 percent of all participants affected by friends were male participants, that that while age group of 27 years and above constituted the entire population that began smoking in primary school, the same group had the least percentage among those that began smoking at secondary school, and that 66.7 percent of those that began smoking at high school was from 22-26 years age group, and that all participants that began smoking at university were from 22-26 years age group.
The findings of the study indicated that all of the participants that began smoking at primary school were 2 nd Class students, that 60 percent of participants that began smoking at secondary school were 2 nd Class students and 40 percent were 4 th Class Students, 66.7 percent of participants that began smoking at high school were 4 th Class students, and that 50 percent of participants that began smoking at university were 4 th Class students.
The findings of the study indicated that 41.7 percent of participants that began smoking by modeling their friends were 2 nd Class students, 50 percent were 4 th Class students, all participants that were affected by their close relatives to begin smoking were 4 th Class students, that all participants that began smoking by modeling their teachers were 2 nd Class students, that 50 percent of participants Uzunali, H., Ozturk, E. & Demirsoy, R. ( 2016).An Examınatıon of Smokıng Status of Students Attendıng to Vocatıonal School of Physıcal Educatıon and Sports, and The Factors Effectıve Thereon. New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences. [Online].05, pp 79-87.Available from: www.prosoc.eu87 that began smoking by modeling their trainers were 2 nd Class students and 50 percent were 3 rd Class students, and that all participants that began smoking for other reasons were 4 th Class students.
In conclusion on the grounds that being affected by a friend and smoking habit by other family members constitute a remarkable high percentage among reasons for children and youth to begin smoking.It can be concluded that especially during secondary education educators and families should be more cautious and sensitive about smoking.
Recommendations that can be made based on the findings of the present study are: 1) Family members should never smoke in front of their children, since both physical, and visual absence of cigarette is very important; 2) Family members should not allow their friends and guests to smoke in front of their children.3) Sportive activities by youngsters in leisure time may decrease smoking habit.4) Students should be very careful about selecting friends, and that more sensitive and careful conduct of families may prevent youngsters from acquiring bad habits to a degree.5) Students should be provided with a comprehensive training on harmful effects of smoking on health beginning from the very first periods they start secondary education.6) Smoking players and sportsmen should not be allowed to smoke at mass communication media and necessary measures must be taken in order that they do not constitute negative models.

Table 3 . Reasons of Smoking, Smoking Environment and Thoughts on Smoking
Uzunali, H.,Ozturk, E. & Demirsoy, R. (2016).An Examınatıon of Smokıng Status of Students Attendıng to Vocatıonal School of Physıcal Educatıon and Sports, and The Factors Effectıve Thereon.New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences.[Online].05, pp 79-87.Available from: www.prosoc.eu

Table 5 . Factors effective to begin smoking by sex
Ozturk, E. & Demirsoy, R. (2016).An Examınatıon of Smokıng Status of Students Attendıng to Vocatıonal School of Physıcal Educatıon and Sports, and The Factors Effectıve Thereon.New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences.[Online].05, pp 79-87.Available from: www.prosoc.eu

Table 7 . Effective factors to begin smoking by age variable
were from 22-26 years age group, and the other half was from 27 years and above age group.Uzunali, H., Ozturk, E. & Demirsoy, R. (2016).An Examınatıon of Smokıng Status of Students Attendıng to Vocatıonal School of Physıcal Educatıon and Sports, and The Factors Effectıve Thereon.New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences.[Online].05, pp 79-87.Available from: www.prosoc.eu85 A review of table provides that half of the participants who modeled their trainers to begin smoking